This Challenge is posed to students in economics and finance areas in World's universities. Please think in a novel way to achieve this new Carbon Bonds to develop Biological Projects that, at the same time will sequester CO2 and would generate opportunities in regions with economical and social difficulties.
Reddy, S. & Evans, D. 2009. Palaeoproterozoic supercontinents and global evolution: correlations from core to atmosphere. Geological Society,London , Special
Publications; 2009; v. 323; p. 1-26.
Yazaki, K.; Ishida, S.; Kawagishi, T.; Fukatsu, E.; Maruyama, Y.; Kitao, M.; Tobita, H.; Koike, T. & Funada, R. 2004. Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth, annual ring structure and photosynthesis in Larix kaempferi seedlings. Tree Physiology 24, 941–949
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Idea
Haiti : Shells: biocement for housing Blocks
Sahel : Lignin: Wood for housing; Cellulose: cotton for clothing
Carbonate, Lignin and
Cellulose Bonds to control CO2 accumulation in the Atmosphere.
Ideas to prevent
Poverty, Hunger in Africa, Asia and Latin America .
Elguezabal,
Mikel & Acosta, Yaile.
LEA Foundation,
Cumaná, Venezuela
Introduction
Since scientist does not agree on the causes of Global Climate Change (GCC) by
arguing that only human activities contribute to increased CO2 levels in the
Atmosphere or that volcanoes in geological times had contributed to this rising
of carbon dioxide, we propose different new ideas to control the fact of an
Atmosphere richer in this reductive gas.
The Earth atmosphere has evolved from high proportions of CO2/O2 ratios around
the Proterozoic era (Cloud, 1968) to very high proportions of O2/CO2 since life
developed within the ‘Great Oxidation Event’ exposed in Reddy & Evans
(2009), this, creating the Biosphere (the major modulator in Atmosphere
chemical and physical conditions). Because of the first apparition of an
oxygenic unicellular organism, a photosynthetic Cyanobacteria ancestor whom
metabolism is known to use CO2
from ancient Atmosphere saturated on volcanoes activities gases and converts it
into Cell material with releasing of Oxygen. The latter, is almost a
paradigmatic fact accepted by several Schools of Biological thinking, and is
visible in actual times in the Stromatolithes founded in Western Australia , e.g.
The high levels of carbon dioxide in actual Atmosphere are the presumably
effect of 200 years from Industrial Revolution and use of fossil fuels of
increased human population with abuse of land agriculture and
deforestation, contamination of coastal waters and over consumption behaviour
of individuals.
The effects of concentration of CO2 in Earth Atmosphere acts in
different human interests like global warming acceleration that increase
weather disasters, acid rain deteriorating soils, respiratory and others health
issues, and the ethical considerations involved, but, there are also
evidence of stimulated growth rate on plants, like Siberians forests (Yazaki et
al., 2004) that could be seen as an opportunity for others human concerns
like food production and distributions of revenues by food international trade
among emergent nations.
If reducing industries that uses fossil fuel originated energy to minimal in a
mid-term time will cost an enormous quantity of jobs and productivity,
the social effects on the Planet could equalize the worst scenario in a
drastical GCC (that would affect very poor nations first: flooding, droughts,
hurricanes, typhoons, famines, pandemics disease) and then the riches ones.
Shorting CO2 producing
industries could cost more on social stability in developing nations like China , India ,
Brazil , Mexico , South
Africa , Indonesia ,
even Russia ,
that, in a cascade effect could affect the World economy and then, its Ecology
again.
Ethical
issues arises on which action or decision to take, leave the contamination of
human activities gases to increase with real possibilities on GCC, then social
problems development, or, cutting productivity so fast that global economy
could collapse and the human pressure on natural resources will increase with
caresty of jobs, food, equipments, manufactured products, that could cost us
the Era of this civilization, we like it or not?
Since
the Rio and Kyoto, and Copenhagen (and Paris, soon) conferences had took the humanity attention
on GCC, various attempts had been made to permit Industry that uses fossil fuel
or contaminating energy, to continue working and producing and employing while
they buy a “moral permission” in acquiring Carbon Bonds, that invest this in
Projects that sequester CO2
(the major Greenhouse Gas: GHG) or generate carbon sink, preventing a known and
calculated volume or mass of this gaseous molecule from the Atmosphere, maybe
generated by the same industry that bought the specific project in a Bond of the
Chicago Stock Exchange, e.g.
Since GHG mitigation projects generate credits, this
approach can be used to finance carbon reduction schemes
between trading partners and around the world.
The kind of Projects placed Worldwide that are sell in the Chicago, London or
Montreal Carbon Bonds Bourses consist in a majority of Biogas projects,
Carbon gases injections in expensive installations, and reforestation.
A new generation of Carbon Bond dealers is growing and real intentionality
could be put in observation on ethical, moral perspectives.
We propose new kinds of Bonds to reduce, at the same time, Poverty, Hunger, CO2 levels and
encourage individuals from underdevelopment nations to gain economic, social
and political independence and liberty by the stimulation of familiar micro
enterprises in areas where this new Bonds will act as a financial tool in
neuralgic, medullar, key socioeconomic chains like food production, house and
clothes material, biological agriculture and water decontamination.
Carbonate Bonds
Based in historical biological scientific data available we can put in practice
theorical approaches well fundamented like Carbonate formation in shells
of many animals, mostly invertebrates, like the Phylum of Molluscs, and among
these, the Bivalve Class that produce from its tissues, shells made on
carbonates available from marine environment that, indirectly are produced by
CO2
reactions in Sea water, thus producing a conversion of gaseous Carbon molecules
into solid Carbon mineralized in the shells (very stable if well used as House
construction material in poor nations instead of expensive imported cement).
Bivalves at the same time serve as one of best source of protein and could be
commercialized with grand revenues to aquacultures of the Carbonate Bonds
Projects. With development of familiar enterprises in adequate regions of
emerging and poor nations like small laboratories of hatchery and nursery of
bivalves with production of larvae and “seeds” to distribute in the
geographical nearby region among others familiar enterprises of aquaculture.
The minimal production cost with these animals who filter plankton from the
water environment, will redounds on maximal economical benefits to this
families, who can sell the produce, consume the high quality proteins, glycogen
and fats of its tissues (from the Carbon of plankton cells!), provide with non
expensive cement substitutes to built houses in deficit habitat zones, and,
with bivalve biology, reduce a part of CO2 in the Atmosphere, via the
diffusion of this gas in the Global Ocean and continental waters and two well
known paths, i) like the CO2 used by phytoplankton and some
kinds of prokaryotic cells in autotrophic processes and, once in the Trophic
Webs, feed the Bivalves for soft tissues growth and converting plankton cell
organic material (lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) into biomolecules of an
animal edible tissues; ii) like the CO2 converted into carbonate,
bicarbonate, carbonic acid equilibrium in the water and assimilated in the
shells of Bivalves in the form of carbonate and in other several organisms, by
controlling the mantle (the organ that secretes the shell) pH witch generates
the deposition of this mineral from the mantle-sea water interface.
Lignin Bonds
Another type of Project that would, at the same time, fix gaseous CO2 on plant
tissues riches in very stable molecules as the Lignin of wooden plants, e.g.
Pines, Acacias, Palms and several others that uses Photosynthesis to take CO2 from the air
and convert it in cellular material as leaves, roots and stems. The stem of
various tree species develop an important mass of lignin and cellulose (and
others carbon molecules) that last for several years in the ecosystems without
total microbial degradation, and would last much more if used in the
construction of wooden houses or buildings.
Beneficiaries
from the Lignin Bonds would receive financial support for: i)
culturing wooden trees in recovered problematic soils like the Sahel, Atacama, Gobi , Sonora ,
Kalahari, and other situated in socially difficult areas. ii)
Stimulation of familiar farms to produce seeds and plantulae of wooden species
ubiquitous to the local environment and provide local farmers to develop these
sylviculture projects. iii) Use of waste water, sterilized with solar
technologies, to culture wooden trees and prevent this type of water to alter
riverine and maritime habitats in nations without an adequate treatment system
to wastewater and, at the same time, avoid the production of methane and
CO2 by
bacterial decomposition (with oxygen consumption and eutrophization problems)
and mid-term recovery of very poor soils in sites without water to cultivate
anything. iv) Development of familiar industries using wood provided by
local farmers to produce House construction material in
deficitarian habitat solutions regions of the Rural Country.
Cellulose
Bond
The
last type of Bond is the Cellulose Bond, meaning the Cellulose of Cotton
used to confection clothes in Tropical Nations. Using the wastewater of major
urban congregations in poor nations and treating it with solar cheap
disinfection technologies, we would: i) prevent coastal contamination, ii) start
poor soils recovering and iii) produce large amounts of commodities to generate
local economy to grow by stimulation of familiar industries in textile areas.
The CO2 is
sequestered by photosynthesis of Cotton plants and other fibrous plants with
textile uses like Agaves, Palms, and the Cellulose rich carbon macromolecule
being a long period used as clothes that could be subsequently recycled
and always be a solid mass of Carbon material.
References
Cloud, P. E. 1968. Atmospheric and hydrospheric evolution on the
primitive Earth. Science, 160, 729–736
Reddy, S. & Evans, D. 2009. Palaeoproterozoic supercontinents and global evolution: correlations from core to atmosphere. Geological Society,
Yazaki, K.; Ishida, S.; Kawagishi, T.; Fukatsu, E.; Maruyama, Y.; Kitao, M.; Tobita, H.; Koike, T. & Funada, R. 2004. Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth, annual ring structure and photosynthesis in Larix kaempferi seedlings. Tree Physiology 24, 941–949
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Idea
Biology
Shell production
Lignin production
Cellulose production
Case Examples of Projects
Needs
1. Modelling amounts of CO2 (metric tons/ year) will fix with each project.
2. Calculate how many people can start their small business (seed production, shell, wood, cotton production, connected industries downstream).
3. How to sell and create the Bonds? A6, LEA Foundation, new brand? Chicago , Montreal ?
4. How and where print this book?
Strategy must be taken; this is a simple idea, that with smart and clever marketing we can save people from poverty, infrahuman conditions, and finance LEA Foundation to other several ideas to get a better World to our children.
Prof. Mikel de Elguezabal
LEA Foundation
Cumaná, Sucre, Venezuela
Huarte, Navarra, Spain
0034 601312297
@virtuous_earth
Prof. Mikel de Elguezabal
LEA Foundation
Cumaná, Sucre, Venezuela
Huarte, Navarra, Spain
0034 601312297
@virtuous_earth